Estrone Sulfate in Milk During Pregnancy

This chart shows the individual estrone sulfate levels in milk of cows at various days pregnant. The assay designates pregnancy as 150 pg/mL of estrone sulfate after 120 days pregnant. This chart shows a large group of animals that is not fitting that parameter.

Milk Progesterone

This chart demonstrates the average and ranges of milk progesterone values for pregnant and open cows who are represented in the serum progesterone chart. Animals with progesterone values less than or equal to 5ng/mL are considered open.

Serum Progesterone

This chart demonstrates the average and ranges of serum progesterone values for pregnant and open cows. Animals with progesterone values less than or equal to 2ng/mL are considered open.

Signing Off

I am now in my final week of my internship. What have I learned? Twelve weeks is a very short time to complete a research project. I have also deepened my understanding of diagnostic immunology, lab techniques, and research and development in private industry.

The above charts show the final progesterone values obtained from our sample bank. Based on the results obtained from approximately 160 cows in various stages of pregnancy, we have determined that cows with progesterone levels in serum less than or equal to 2 ng/mL should be considered open. Cows with progesterone levels in milk less than or equal to 5 ng/mL should be considered open. AntelBio will soon be offering progesterone testing on DHIA milk samples. The research crew at AntelBio will continue working on creating an in-house progesterone assay. By developing one's own assay, AntelBio will be able to provide this service at a significantly reduced cost to producers.

The estrone sulfate assay data for the same cows has been turned over temporarily to the parent company to determine if the variability in results is due to the assay, improper technique in the Antel lab, or my amateur ELISA skills. The research to develop a more sensitive assay for estrone sulfate will continue. If this assay can be refined and improved it will also be offered in the future for DHIA milk samples. This would provide a great management tool for producers.

Finally, I would like to thank Todd and Bridgette for their wealth of knowledge and guidance. I wouldlike to thamk all of the AntelBio employees for their support and being such fun people to work with.

So Many Samples........

The last few weeks have kept me quite busy in the lab. I have tested many of the serum and milk samples from Nobis Dairy for estrone sulfate using the Confirm assay from Australia. The assay that had appeared so promising has some unredeeming qualities. The intra-assay and inter-assay variability is very high. The assay is not very sensitive making it difficult to distinguish estrone sulfate levels below 150-200 pg/mL. This is why the assay was only marketed for confirming pregnancy after 120 days. What we need to determine is whether this is due to a large variability in estrone sulfate levels of cows in early pregnancy, a physiological spike in estrone sulfate at 120 days of pregnancy or if the assay is not sensitive enough. This is evident in the following charts where a sharp increase in estrone sulfate is seen at 120 day pregnancies. To help answer our question, we have started using a human estrone kit from Ann Arbor. We are able to use an estrone kit because it claims 100% cross reactivity with estrone sulfate. The kit seems to be able to pick up estrone sulfate in bovine serum and milk. We have tested various dilutions with this very sensitive kit to determine what dilution yields the most accurate results. I have finally received more Ridgeway kits and I am catching up on progesterone testing. Progesterone ELISAs may have more commercial promise than originally thought, as we have already had questions from clients inquiring whether we can offer a progesterone assay cheaper than the labs they are currently using to monitor reproductive performance in cattle herds. We will also start analyzing the combined estrone sulfate, progesterone, and herd records data.

Estrone Sulfate: Milk

This chart represents the estrone sulfate levels in milk of the same individuals represented in the serum chart. At this point, the trend has been to see higher estrone sulfate levels in serum than milk, and a greater variability between individual cows in serum levels.

Estrone Sulfate: Serum

This chart represents the data we have compiled on estrone sulfate levels in the serum of lactating Holsteins. Cows are divided into early open, open, and pregnant categories. Pregnant cows are divided into groups based on the number of days they have carried a calf. Each group currently contains between 10 and 20 animals. This number will increase as we sample more animals. The data presented here represents the average, high, and low values of estrone sulfate in picograms/mL for each group of animals. Animals whose individual data points are greatly skewing the average are slated to be retested, but are currently still represented on the data seen here. (To view chart in a larger scale click on image.)